Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buhlala efwini, kodwa buthembele engqalasizindani egxilile emhlabathini. Ngemuva kwemibuzo yonke eya kumsizi wedijithali, yonke imodeli eqeqeshwe, kanye nayo yonke insizakalo ephethwe kude kukhona amakamelo eseva asebenzisa ugesi ngokungaphezi, akhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu, futhi adinga izinhlelo zokupholisa eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lobu bukhulu obubonakalayo buqala ukuvela njengenye yezinselelo ezinkulu zezomnotho nezemvelo zokukhula kwesikhungo sedatha se-AI.
Izikhungo zedatha zisebenzise cishe amahora angu-415 kagesi we-terawatt ngo-2024, okulingana no-1,5% wesidingo somhlaba wonke. I-International Energy Agency ilinganisela ukuthi lesi sibalo sizofinyelela amahora angu-945 e-terawatt ngo-2030, inani elikhulu kancane kunesamba sikagesi esisetshenziswa njengamanje eJapane. Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa buzoba yimbangela eyinhloko yalokhu kwanda, futhi isidingo sezikhungo zedatha ezilungiselelwe lobu buchwepheshe singaphindeka kane phakathi nengxenye yesibili yeshumi leminyaka.
Ingcindezi emanzini kanye nemithombo yamandla
Ngaphezu kokucindezeleka ohlelweni lukagesi, kukhona amanzi adingekayo ukuvimbela imishini ukuthi ingashisi kakhulu. Ukupholisa kungabala cishe u-7% wamandla asetshenziswayo ezikhungweni zedatha ezinkulu ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, kodwa lesi sibalo singakhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-30% ezikhungweni zebhizinisi ezinobuchwepheshe obungathuthuki kakhulu. Iphesenti lincike endaweni, ukwakheka, kanye nohlelo olusetshenziswayo, kodwa ubudlelwano obuyisisekelo bucacile: lapho ukugxilisa amandla okusebenzisa ikhompyutha kukhulu, kulapho ukulawula izinga lokushisa kuba nzima khona.
Ukwandiswa kwalezi zikhungo kuhambisana nesimo samazinga okushisa aphakeme kakhulu, isomiso esiphindaphindayo, kanye nemithombo yamanzi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ekhulayo. UJulayi 2026 uqophe izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi elingu-25,7 degrees Celsius e-peninsula yaseSpain, ama-degree angu-2,6 ngaphezu kwesilinganiso sesikhathi sika-1991-2020. Kwahambisana noJulayi 2022 njengenyanga efudumele kakhulu ochungechungeni lonke lomlando, olwaqala ngo-1961, futhi lwaluyiJulayi eyomile kakhulu emlandweni, enemvula elingana no-26% kuphela wenani elivamile.
Kulesi simo, ukukhetha ukuthi uzokwakha kuphi isikhungo sedatha kuba yisinqumo esibalulekile. Ukuba nomhlaba, i-fiber optics, noma ukusondelana nezimakethe ezinkulu akusanele. Amandla egridi kagesi, ukufinyelela amanzi okusimeme, kanye nokumelana nemililo, izikhukhula, iziphepho, isomiso, noma amagagasi okushisa konke kuyingxenye yokuphila kahle kwezomnotho kwephrojekthi ngayinye.
Umbiko othi "I-Data Center Construction Boom: Risk and Loss Trends ," olungiselelwe yi-Allianz Commercial, ulinganisela ukuthi u-79% wamandla ezikhungo zedatha zomhlaba wonke atholakala ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu yezinhlekelele zemvelo. U-54% owengeziwe ubhekene nokucindezeleka okungapheli okubangelwa ukushisa nesomiso. Ezinye zezindawo ezikhula ngokushesha embonini, njengeNyakatho Virginia, iJohor, iMalaysia, kanye neMarseille, eFrance, nazo ziphakathi kwezindawo ezinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lezingozi.
Ingozi yesimo sezulu ifakwa ekubalweni kwezomnotho
Ukushisa okukhulu kwandisa izidingo zokupholisa futhi kunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kwemishini. Isomiso sivimbela ukutholakala kwamanzi kwezinye izinhlelo zokushisa, kuyilapho ukucima kukagesi kungaphazamisa izinsizakalo ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke ingozi yesimo sezulu iba yinto ebalulekile ekubalweni kwezindleko, umshwalense, kanye nenzuzo. Izinsongo zivela isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba amaseva aqale ukusebenza. Ngesikhathi sokwakha, imililo, izikhukhula, ukweba, amaphutha okuklama noma okwenziwa, kanye nomonakalo emishinini enenani eliphezulu kungenzeka.
Uma isikhungo sesisebenza, ububanzi bezingozi buyakhula: ukuphazamiseka kwemishini nogesi, ukwehluleka kokupholisa, izehlakalo ze-cyber, imililo, ukucima kukagesi, kanye nezinhlekelele zemvelo. Ukuqongelela kwezikhungo eziningana endaweni efanayo kwenza lokhu kube kubi kakhulu, njengoba izakhiwo ezahlukene zingase zincike esiteshini esisodwa, inethiwekhi yokuxhumana ehlanganyelwe, noma umhlinzeki wamandla oyedwa. Ngakho-ke isigameko sendawo singasakazeka ngengqalasizinda encikene futhi sibangele ukucima kogesi.
Izikhungo zedatha zisekela izinsizakalo zezezimali, ezokuxhumana, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izibhedlela, amapulatifomu okuhweba, kanye nezinqubo zebhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ukwehluleka kwazo kunemiphumela ebanzi kakhulu kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo. Ukulahlekelwa okuvela emlilweni omkhulu noma ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo kakade kungafinyelela amakhulu ezigidi zamaRandi. U-Allianz ubikezela ukuthi imakethe yomshuwalense womhlaba wonke yezikhungo zedatha izoba nenani eliphindwe kabili, ifinyelele ku-$24.000 billion ngo-2030.
Ukungezwani komphakathi kubeka ijubane kulo mkhakha
Ukucindezeleka kwezinsizakusebenza sekuqala ukuvusa impendulo yomphakathi. Isishoshovu sezemvelo saseMelika u-Erin Brockovich useqalise ipulatifomu yokuqoqa ulwazi mayelana nezikhungo zedatha nokuhambisa izikhalazo zemiphakathi lapho zihlelwe khona noma zakhiwe khona. Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi nogesi, umsindo, imfucuza kagesi, ukuntuleka kokubonakala, kanye nomthelela ezinsizakalweni zomphakathi kuphakathi kwezinto ezikhathaza izakhamuzi.
Ukuphikiswa kwendawo sekuvele kunemiphumela yezomnotho. Kwikota yokuqala ka-2026 kuphela, ukuphikiswa okuvela emiphakathini eyahlukene kubambezele noma kwavimba okungenani amaphrojekthi angu-75 e-United States, abiza cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-130.000. U-Allianz uphetha ngokuthi izithiyo ezinkulu ekukhuleni kwalo mkhakha "ziyanda ngokomzimba kunokuba zezezimali": ugesi, ukuxhumeka kwegridi, izimvume, umhlaba ofanele, imishini ekhethekile, kanye nabasebenzi abanamakhono.
Lokhu kushoda kuhluke kakhulu nobuningi bemali. Ukutshalwa kwezimali minyaka yonke emhlabeni wonke ezikhungweni zedatha kuzokhuphuka kusuka cishe ku-$500 billion ngo-2024 kuye ngaphezu kwe-$1 trillion (cishe ama-€870 billion) ngo-2027. I-United States ne-China zizofaka cishe u-62% wamandla amasha angeziwe ngo-2030, yize igagasi elilandelayo lamaphrojekthi lizoba likhulu emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, abanye abantu bavikela umthelela omuhle walezi zingqalasizinda. Icala likaQuincy, idolobha elincane lokulima esifundazweni saseWashington, liyisibonelo esihle. I-Microsoft yafika ngo-2006 ifuna umhlaba oshibhile kanye namandla amaningi kagesi avela eMfuleni iColumbia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izinga lobuphofu lehle lisuka ku-29,4% ngo-2012 laya ku-13,1% ngo-2023, futhi izikhungo zedatha sezibe yimbangela eqhuba izimali zomphakathi. Imali engenayo yentela ikhuphuke isuka ku-$4,2 million ngo-2006 yaya ku-$54,2 million, okuvumele ukwakhiwa kwesikole samabanga aphezulu esisha, isibhedlela, ihholo ledolobha, ngisho nesikhungo samanzi sikamasipala.
ISpain isheshisa ukuya ku-2030
ISpain iphakathi kwezimakethe zaseYurophu ezinamathuba okukhula amahle kakhulu, kanye neFinland neDenmark, ngenxa yokutholakala kwamandla okungenzeka kanye nezinqubo zokuvumela ezingcono kakhulu. Nokho, iJalimane, i-United Kingdom, ne-Ireland zizogcina izikhundla zazo njengezikhungo ezinkulu kulo mkhakha eYurophu.
Ngokusho kwedatha evela ku-SpainDC ehlanganiswe yi-Allianz Commercial, amandla okusebenzisa amakhompyutha afakiwe ezikhungweni zedatha zezentengiselwano zaseSpain afinyelele kuma-megawatts angu-439 ekupheleni kuka-2025, okuwukwenyuka okungu-24% kunonyaka odlule. Inhlangano ilinganisela ukuthi lokhu kungafinyelela kuma-megawatts angu-2.537 ngo-2030 futhi ibikezela ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlanganisiwe okungu-€66.900 billion ekupheleni kwale minyaka eyishumi, kanye nomnikelo waminyaka yonke olinganiselwa ku-€7.300 billion kumkhiqizo wasekhaya.
Uhulumeni waseCatalan uhlonze amaphrojekthi angaba ngu-26 esifundeni, afinyelela cishe kuma-megawatts angu-2.000 kagesi, futhi uqoke izindawo eziyisikhombisa ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwawo. Kodwa-ke, umkhakha wamandla kanye nezinhlangano zezemvelo zikhomba ubunzima obuhlobene nokuhlinzekwa kukagesi. UValentÃn Pinuaga, i-CEO ye-Equixing eSpain, uthe isithiyo esikhulu okwamanje ukufinyelela amandla ngoba amanethiwekhi okusabalalisa agcwele kakhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqembu lezemvelo i-Ecologists in Action lixwayisa ngengozi "yokufakwa kwamandla." Isishoshovu u-Agustà Emperador uchaze ukuthi lezi zikhungo zisebenzisa ugesi omningi kodwa zidala imisebenzi embalwa. Isibonelo, ucaphune isikhungo sedatha sesikhathi esizayo eFlix, esizosebenzisa amandla afanayo nefektri yeSeat eMartorell kodwa sizoqasha abantu abayi-150 kuphela, uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abangaphezu kuka-10.000 embonini yezimoto.
Ubuchwepheshe bufuna izixazululo zokuntuleka kwamandla
Ngenxa yalesi simo, ezinye izinkampani zakha izixazululo zokuqinisekisa ukunikezwa kukagesi ezikhungweni zedatha ngaphandle kokuthembela kuphela kugridi. I-Energy Vault imemezele isivumelwano sezentengiselwano esinobuhlakani sokuhlinzeka ngesisombululo sengqalasizinda yamandla ehlanganisiwe engu-1,25 GW yezikhungo zedatha ze-AI zomhlinzeki wezinsizakalo zamafu ohamba phambili. Ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kuzokwenzeka eTexas (e-United States).
Isivumelwano sihlanganisa izinhlelo zokugcina amandla ebhethri (i-BESS), izinhlelo zokuguqula amandla ezikwazi ukwakha igridi , kanye nesofthiwe yokulawula ingqalasizinda ye-AI kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamandla, amasethi ejeneretha ye-Caterpillar, kanye nezinsizakalo zobunjiniyela obuphelele, ukuthengwa, kanye nokwakhiwa (i-EPC). I-alliance isungula isakhiwo sokubhekisela esenzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngamandla aqinile, angaxhomekile kugridi, ukuzinza kukagesi, kanye nokulinganisela umthwalo onamandla kuma-complex e-AI ahlanganisiwe nakhula kalula.
Imithwalo ehlotshaniswa namaqoqo e-GPU ingahluka ngokushesha, idale izidingo ze-voltage, imvamisa, kanye nekhwalithi yamandla ezingeke ziphathwe kahle njalo izinhlelo zokukhiqiza ezivamile. Isixazululo se-Energy Vault sihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwamandla okuthunyelwa, isitoreji sebhethri, ukuguqulwa kwamandla, izinhlelo zokusekelayo, kanye nesofthiwe yokulawula ibe isakhiwo esisodwa. Lokhu kuvumela izinsiza ezahlukahlukene ukuthi zihlanganiswe ngesikhathi sangempela ukuze zivumelanise ukuphakelwa kwamandla nezidingo zesikhungo sedatha.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-modular kuvumela futhi ingqalasizinda yekhompyutha ukuthi isebenze ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale uxhumano lwegridi oluhlala njalo. Ngemva kwalokho, amaphrojekthi angafaka kancane kancane amandla egridi, ukukhiqizwa kabusha, kanye nezinye izinsiza zamandla ezisatshalaliswayo njengoba izidingo zesakhiwo zikhula.
Lezi zinhlobo zezixazululo ziwusizo ikakhulukazi ezimakethe lapho ukulinganiselwa kwamandla enethiwekhi, izikhathi ezinde zokuxhuma, kanye nesidingo sikagesi esikhulayo kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezikhungo ezintsha zedatha. Le nkampani ilinganisela ukuthi isivumelwano singadala umthelela emalini engenayo yayo engaba ngu-$500-600 million phakathi nengxenye yesibili ka-2026 no-2027.
Ingxoxo nge-AI ayisakwazi ukugxila kuphela emandleni ayo obuchwepheshe. Ama-trillion dollar alo mkhakha ahlela ukuwatshala achaza isivinini somjaho, kodwa izidingo zawo zikagesi, amanzi, kanye nokuqina nazo zembula ukulinganiselwa kwawo. Ifu linomkhondo oqondile kakhulu, futhi ikusasa lobuhlakani bokwenziwa lizoncika ekutheni umhlaba uyakwazi yini ukuwusekela, ulinganise intuthuko yezomnotho kanye nokusimama kwemvelo kanye nokwamukelwa komphakathi.
