I-Australia ithathe isinyathelo ohulumeni abaningi abebesicabanga isikhathi eside: ukuvinjelwa okucishe kube ngokuphelele kokufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kwalabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-16. Imithetho emisha idinga ukuthi amapulatifomu avale noma avale ama-akhawunti entsha eneminyaka engu-13 kuya kwengu-15 futhi avimbele abasebenzisi abasebasha ekudaleni amaphrofayili amasha. Ushintsho, oluyingxenye yalokho okubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho Wokuphepha Kwe-inthanethi, lubangele impikiswano enkulu elandelwa eduze eYurophu, ikakhulukazi eSpain , lapho kucatshangelwa khona umthetho ofanayo.
Ngenkathi uhulumeni wase-Australia evikela lesi sinyathelo njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokuvikela impilo yengqondo yezingane kanye nenhlalakahle yedijithali , izinkampani zobuchwepheshe, ochwepheshe abathile, kanye nentsha uqobo baxwayisa ngemiphumela engaba khona engahlosiwe. Impikiswano igxile ekutheni izokunciphisa ngempela yini ukuchayeka kokuqukethwe okulimazayo noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, icindezele intsha emisebenzini eku-inthanethi engaphephile kakhulu futhi engaqondiswanga.
Kuhlanganisani ukuvinjelwa e-Australia futhi kuthinta bani?
Umthetho wase-Australia, ukuguqulwa kwemithethonqubo yokuphepha eku-inthanethi egxile eminyakeni ephansi yezokuxhumana , uthi kusukela ngoDisemba 10, izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala azikwazi ukudala noma ukugcina ama-akhawunti ezinkundleni eziningi. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule, izinkampani seziqalile ukuvimba amaphrofayili abasebenzisi abaneminyaka ephakathi kuka-13 no-15 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi balungele lolo suku.
Lo mthetho usebenza ezinsizakalweni ezinhloso yazo eyinhloko noma ebalulekile ukwenza kube lula ukuxhumana nabantu ku-inthanethi phakathi kwabasebenzisi, okubavumela ukuthi bashicilele okuqukethwe futhi bavumele ukuxhumana okubili. Uhlu lwamapulatifomu avinjelwe luhlanganisa i-Facebook, i-Instagram, i-Threads, i-TikTok, i-X, i-Snapchat, i-YouTube, i-Reddit, i-Kick, kanye ne-Twitch, zonke ezisetshenziswa kabanzi yintsha kwezokuzijabulisa, ukuxhumana, kanye nokufinyelela ulwazi.
Ezinye izinsizakalo uhulumeni azibheka njengezihlukile azifakiwe, njenge- YouTube Kids, i-Google Classroom, i-Messenger Kids, kanye ne-WhatsApp , ezingabhekwa njengezinkundla zokuxhumana ezivamile ezinokuxhumana okuvulekile komphakathi ngaphansi kwemibandela yomthetho. Ezinye izinsizakalo zemiyalezo nazo azifakiwe . Amanye amapulatifomu, njenge-Roblox kanye ne-Discord, aqinise ukulawula iminyaka yawo ezicini ezithile, eqaphela ukuthi angagcina engeziwe ohlwini uma kutholakala ukuthi kunezingane ezincane ezifika kubo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi izingane ezincane noma abazali bazo ngeke bajeziswe uma begwema ukuvinjelwa. Imithwalo yemfanelo, kanye nezijeziso, kuwela ezinkampanini zobuchwepheshe, okumele zibonise ukuthi zithathe izinyathelo ezifanele zokuvimbela intsha engaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ukuthi ibe namaphrofayili asebenzayo.
Izinhlawulo zamadola ayisigidi kanye nesibopho sokuqinisekisa ubudala
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu salo mthethonqubo uhlelo lwezijeziso: amapulatifomu abhekene nezinhlawulo ezifika ku-49,5 noma 50 million dollars zase-Australia (cishe ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-28) ngokwephula umthetho okukhulu noma okuphindaphindiwe. Lokhu kusongelwa kwezezimali yikona okubangele izinkampani ezifana ne-Meta ne-Google ukuthi zenze isinyathelo ngokushesha, yize zingafihli ukungavumelani kwazo nendlela ekhethwe yi-Canberra.
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nemithetho, izinkampani zobuchwepheshe kumele zisebenzise izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa ubudala eziqinile . Uhulumeni ukhuluma ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukene: imibhalo yobunikazi esemthethweni, ukuqashelwa kobuso noma kwezwi, ukuphetha kwe-algorithmic okusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwe-inthanethi, idatha yasebhange, noma izixazululo zezinkampani zangaphandle ezikhethekile ekuqinisekiseni. Amapulatifomu awakwazi ukuthembela kuphela ekuziqinisekiseni ubudala noma ekugunyazweni okulula kwabazali.
Okwamanje, iziphathimandla zigcizelele isidingo sokunciphisa ukungena kobumfihlo: zinxusa ukuthi kungasetshenziswa ukubhaliswa kobunikazi okuphoqelekile kubo bonke abasebenzisi abadala futhi zincoma ukubhujiswa kwedatha yokuqinisekisa uma inqubo isiqediwe. Le ngxenye yomthetho iza phakathi kokukhathazeka okukhula e-Australia ngemuva kwezigameko eziningana zokwephulwa kwedatha yomuntu siqu okukhulu.
Izinkampani zibhekene nenselele yokuthola ibhalansi ebucayi : zidinga ukubonisa izilawuli ezisebenzayo ngesikhathi esifanayo zigwema ukuba yizindawo zokugcina ezinkulu zedatha ye-biometric noma imibhalo esemthethweni yezigidi zabasebenzisi. Lokhu kulinganisela, okuxoxwe ngakho kakade eBrussels ngokwesimo sobunikazi bedijithali baseYurophu, kuzoba yinto ebalulekile eSpain nakulo lonke elase-EU.
Ukusabela okuvela ku-Meta, Google, TikTok nezinye izinkundla
Izinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe ziphendule ngenhlanganisela yokuthobela imithetho kanye nokugxeka okuvulekile . I-Meta, inkampani engumzali we-Facebook, i-Instagram, kanye ne-Threads, iqinisekisile ukuthi yaqala ukususa ukufinyelela kula manethiwekhi kubasebenzisi abangaphansi kweminyaka eyi-16 ngoDisemba 4, ngenhloso yokuvala wonke ama-akhawunti athintekile ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqale ukusebenza.
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokuguquka, inkampani ivumela intsha ukuthi igcine futhi ilande umlando wayo wedijithali , izithombe, kanye nokuqukethwe, futhi ithembise ukubazisa uma beba neminyaka engu-16 ukuze bakwazi ukuthola kabusha ukufinyelela nokuthola amaphrofayili abo “njengoba nje bewashiyile.” I-Meta izogcina imininingwane yokuxhumana yalaba basebenzisi ukuze ibazise esikhathini esizayo, umkhuba ophinde uphakamise ukukhathazeka ngobumfihlo.
Le nkampani ibilokhu ikhuluma kakhulu ngokwenqaba kwayo indlela yase-Australia. Abaphathi be-Meta bagcizelele ukuthi ukunqamula intsha kubangani bayo nasemiphakathini kungaba yinto engasizi ngalutho futhi kuphoqe intsha ukuba ifune ezinye izindlela ezingaphephile kangako. Le nkampani ithi uhlelo olujwayelekile ezingeni lesitolo sezinhlelo zokusebenza, olunokuqinisekiswa kweminyaka kanye nokuvunyelwa kwabazali lapho kulandwa izinhlelo zokusebenza, kungaba yindlela elinganiselayo nehambisanayo.
I-Google, engumnikazi we-YouTube, nayo iveze ukungajabuli kwayo. Ipulatifomu yevidiyo ekugcineni ifakiwe ohlwini lwezinsizakalo ezivinjelwe, naphezu kokuthi ekuqaleni yayikhululiwe ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwayo kwezemfundo. I-YouTube yazise amakhulu ezinkulungwane zentsha eneminyaka engu-13 kuya kwengu-15 ukuthi izolahlekelwa ama-akhawunti ayo angene ngemvume, yize isazokwazi ukubuka okuqukethwe ngokungaziwa, okwenza kube nzima ukulawula kwabazali kanye nokuhlunga okuqukethwe.
Ngokwabo, iTikTok neSnapchat bachaze ukuthi bazosebenzisa izindlela zokuqinisekisa ubudala ezinezigaba eziningi ukuhlonza nokususa ama-akhawunti abasebenzisi abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-16, kuyilapho amanye amapulatifomu afana neKick ememezele ukuthi azothembela ezixazululweni ezikhona ngokubambisana nabahlinzeki bokuqinisekisa beqembu lesithathu. Nakuba izinkampani eziningi zingavumelani nefilosofi engemuva komthetho, iningi lazo likhethe ukuzivumelanisa nomlawuli ukuze ligweme izimpi zomthetho ezinde.
Intsha, abazali nezinkantolo: izwe elihlukene phakathi
Ukuqaliswa kokuvinjelwa akugcini nje ngokonakalisa ubudlelwano phakathi kukahulumeni wase-Australia ne-Big Tech , kodwa futhi kuye kwahlukanisa umphakathi. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi iningi labantu abadala, cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine, lisekela ukukhawulelwa kokufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kwalabo abangaphansi kweminyaka engu-16, licaphuna ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuxhashazwa kwe-inthanethi, ukuchayeka kokuqukethwe okunobudlova noma okuhlukumeza abesifazane, kanye nengcindezi yomphakathi ebangelwa yilezi zinkundla.
Kodwa-ke, indlela intsha esabela ngayo ihluke kakhulu. Abanye abantu abasha sebevele badale ama-akhawunti aneminyaka engamanga ngaphambi kokuba umthetho uqale ukusebenza, abanye babelana ngamaphrofayili nabazali babo noma izihlobo ezindala, kanti abaningi bahlola ukusetshenziswa kwamanethiwekhi ayimfihlo abonakalayo (ama-VPN) ukuze bagweme hhayi nje imikhawulo yobudala kodwa kanye nemikhawulo yendawo ebekwe yimithetho yase-Australia.
Le ngxabano isifinyelele nasezinkantolo . Ababili abaneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, uNoah Jones noMacy Neyland, bafake icala eNkantolo Ephakeme ngokusekelwa yiDigital Freedom Project, eholwa yiLungu lePhalamende leLibertarian uJohn Ruddick. Baphikisana ngokuthi umthetho wephula ilungelo eliyimfihlo lenkululeko yokuxhumana kwezepolitiki ngokuvimbela izingane ezincane ukuthi zihlanganyele ezingxoxweni zomphakathi futhi zixoxe ngezindaba zikahulumeni ezindaweni lapho isizukulwane sabo sithola khona ulwazi lwaso futhi sihlela khona.
Phakathi kwemindeni, kunemibono ehlukene kakhulu. Abanye abazali bayavuma ukuthi bavule ama-akhawunti ezingane zabo besebenzisa ulwazi lwabo ukuze balawule ukusetshenziswa kwazo kwamapulatifomu. Abanye bagubha ekugcineni ukuba nempikiswano ecacile yezomthetho ngokumelene nokuvulwa kwamaphrofayili besebancane. Futhi kunezimo ezimbi kakhulu, njengalezo zomndeni wabantu abanethonya abaye banquma ukuthuthela e-United Kingdom ukuze bagweme ukuvalwa kwama-akhawunti ezingane zabo ezisencane, ayingxenye yomsebenzi wabo wobungcweti.
Kanye nalezi zimpendulo, iqembu elikhulu lezazi zengqondo, othisha, kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo yengqondo lixwayise ngokuthi ukugxila kuphela ekuvinjelweni kungaphazamisa ubunzima bangempela bokucindezeleka kwentsha . Ochwepheshe abangaphezu kwekhulu basayine imibhalo ekhomba ukuthi ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, kanye nokuzilimaza phakathi kwentsha kunezimbangela eziningi futhi ngeke kuxazululwe ngokuvala amaphrofayili abo ezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Izizathu zempilo yengqondo kanye nemiphumela ekukhuleni
Isizathu esiyinhloko sikahulumeni wase-Australia sisekelwe kudatha mayelana nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu abaneminyaka eyi-10 kuya kweyi-15 . Izifundo ezigunyazwe yiCanberra zibonisa ukuthi cishe zonke izingane ezikuleli qembu leminyaka zisebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana, nokuthi cishe abayisikhombisa kwabayishumi babika ukuthi bavezwe kokuqukethwe noma ukuziphatha okulimazayo, kusukela emilayezweni yokucwasa abesifazane kuya kumavidiyo anobudlova noma izinto ezikhuthaza ukuphazamiseka kokudla kanye nokuzilimaza.
UNdunankulu kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezokuxhumana bagcizelele ukuthi ukwakheka kwalezi zinkundla, okuhloswe ngazo ukwandisa isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kanye nokuxhumana njalo , kunegalelo ekucindezelekeni komphakathi, ukuphazamiseka kokulala, izinkinga zokugxilisa ingqondo, kanye nombono womzimba ophambene, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamantombazane asakhula. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, izifundo zomhlaba wonke zibonisa ukuthi ukuchitha amahora angaphezu kwama-3,5 ngosuku ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kuhlotshaniswa nokwanda kwezinkinga zempilo yengqondo.
Izazi zengqondo ezigxile ebusheni zisikhumbuza ukuthi lesi sigaba sokuphila sibucayi kakhulu: ubuchopho budlula enkambisweni yokuhlela kabusha, ukuxhumana kwezinzwa kuyalungiswa, futhi ukuthambekela ekucindezelweni kontanga kuphezulu kakhulu. Ezinye izifundo zakamuva ziphakamisa ukuthi ukukhula kobuchopho kuyaqhubeka kuze kube yiminyaka engamashumi amabili noma engamashumi amathathu, okwenza kube nzima ukukhomba iminyaka ethile ngemuva kwalokho umthelela wezokuxhumana uphela ukuba yinkinga.
Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe abaningana baphakamise ukungabaza ngokufaneleka kokuvinjelwa okuqinile lapho beneminyaka engu-16. Baphikisana ngokuthi ukuguga akuqinisekisi ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuvuthwa okukhulu , njengoba nje kukhona intsha encane ekwazi ukuphatha ukuba khona kwayo ku-inthanethi ngendlela efanele uma ithole imfundo eyanele. Ngakho-ke, bakhuthaza ukuhlanganisa imikhawulo yobudala nezinhlelo zokuqeqesha, ukuqeqeshwa kokufunda nokubhala kwedijithali, imfundo yezocansi, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamakhono okucabanga okubucayi.
Ngombono obucayi kakhulu, abanye ochwepheshe besaba ukuthi imindeni nohulumeni bangase bawele esilingweni sokucabanga ukuthi inkinga ixazululwa ngokumane nje kuncishiswe ukufinyelela okusemthethweni kumanethiwekhi omphakathi, benganaki ezinye izici ezibangela ukucindezeleka kwentsha, njengokucindezeleka kwezemfundo, ukungavikeleki kwezomnotho, isimo senhlalo, noma ukuntuleka kwezindawo zokuzilibazisa eziphephile ngaphandle kwendawo yedijithali.
Inkulumompikiswano efinyelela eYurophu kanye necala laseSpain
Nakuba i-Australia iba ngelinye lamazwe okuqala emhlabeni ukusebenzisa umthetho obanzi kangaka wokuvinjelwa kwezokuxhumana kwabantwana abancane , i-European Union ilandela indlela ehlukile, kodwa ngamaphuzu acacile okuhlangana. IPhalamende laseYurophu lisekele isiphakamiso sokusungula iminyaka evumelanayo lapho ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana kungavinjelwa khona ezinganeni ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-13 futhi imvume yabazali ingadingeka kubantu abasha abaphakathi kweminyaka engu-13 nengu-16.
Lokhu kuvotela kwaseYurophu akukabophi, kodwa kubonisa ukuvumelana okukhulayo ngesidingo sokuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwezingane ezindaweni zedijithali . IBrussels iphinde ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza lokuqinisekisa ubudala lwaseYurophu kanye nesikhwama sedijithali sobunikazi baseYurophu (i-eID), esizovumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bafakazele ubudala babo ngaphandle kokuthumela amakhophi amakhulu emibhalo epulatifomu ngayinye.
ESpain, le mpikiswano ayiyona nje inkolelo-mbono: umthetho wokuvikela izingane ezikhungweni zedijithali uyacutshungulwa njengamanje , ohlose ukuphakamisa iminyaka ephansi yokuvula noma yokusebenzisa ama-akhawunti ezinkundla zokuxhumana kusukela eminyakeni eyi-14 kuya kweyi-16. UMnyango Wezokuguqulwa Kwedijithali Nokuphathwa Komphakathi ubulokhu usebenza isikhathi esithile kuhlelo lokusebenza lokuqinisekisa ubudala oluvele luphasile ukubuyekezwa kweNational Cryptologic Center futhi luzovivinywa kuphrojekthi yokuhlola yaseYurophu.
Imodeli yaseSpain, ngokungafani neyase-Australia, igxile kakhulu ekudaleni ingqalasizinda yokuqinisekisa evamile futhi iqinise indima yabazali, ngaphandle kokuphendukela ekuvinjweni okuqinile okunjalo. Inhloso iwukuba izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-13 zingabi nawo ama-akhawunti ezinkundla zokuxhumana kanye nalabo abaphakathi kweminyaka engu-13 nengu-16 ukuze bafune imvume enolwazi kubabheki bazo, baqondanise imithethonqubo nendlela ehlongozwe yiPhalamende LaseYurophu.
EYurophu, amazwe afana neFrance, iDenmark, neNorway ahlola izinhlaka ezifanayo, ngemingcele yeminyaka engu-15 noma engu-16 kanye neziphakamiso zemingcele yedijithali phakathi namahora athile. I-United Kingdom ivumile imithetho eqinile yokuphoqa amapulatifomu ukuthi anciphise ukuchayeka kwentsha kokuqukethwe okungekho emthethweni noma okulimazayo, ngezijeziso ezingafinyelela kubaphathi uma izimiso zomlawuli zingasetshenziswa.
Vimbela, lawula… futhi ufundise: ngakolunye uhlangothi lwenkulumo-mpikiswano
Esinye sezigxeko ezivame kakhulu zalesi sinyathelo sase-Australia, esiphinde sizwakale phakathi kososayensi bezengqondo nabafundisi eSpain, ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kukodwa ngeke kwanele ukuqeda izingozi ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinye izimo zomthetho kubonisa ukuthi izingane eziningi ezincane zithola izindlela zokugwema imikhawulo: kusukela ekuqamba amanga ngeminyaka yazo kuya ekusebenziseni ama-akhawunti abolekiwe, ama-VPN, noma amapulatifomu angaziwa kakhulu lapho ukulawulwa kukhululekile khona.
Ochwepheshe bezengqondo kanye nesayensi yezocansi ababoniswana nabo ezweni elikhuluma iSpanishi bagcizelela isidingo sokusebenza ngasikhathi sinye ekufundeni kwedijithali, ukucabanga okubucayi, kanye nokuzimela okunesibopho . Baphakamisa izinhlelo zokwethulwa kancane kancane ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ngokuqondiswa, isiqondiso, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okulawula abazali, esikhundleni sokumane unqamule ukufinyelela ngokushesha lapho ufinyelela eminyakeni ethile.
Laba ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi uma ingxoxo yomphakathi igxile kuphela ekutheni kufanele yini ivinjelwe izinkundla zokuxhumana ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-16, kukhona ingozi yokunganaki impande yezinkinga eziningi . Intsha ezizwa ilawulwa noma icwaswa ingase ifihle imisebenzi yayo eku-inthanethi, okwenza kube nzima ngayo ukwabelana ngolwazi lokuhlukunyezwa, ukudlwengulwa, noma ukuchayeka kokuqukethwe okulimazayo, ikakhulukazi uma ikholelwa ukuthi izojeziswa ngokufinyelela amapulatifomu "avinjelwe".
Mayelana nalokhu, kuyagcizelelwa ukuthi, ngisho noma imithetho ibeka iminyaka elinganiselwe nezinhlawulo ezinkampanini, indima yemindeni, izikole, nezinsizakalo zempilo yengqondo iyohlala ibalulekile. Ukusekela, ukulalela, nokunikeza amathuluzi okuphatha izindinganiso zobuhle, inzondo eku-inthanethi, noma ukuqhathanisa njalo nabanye abasebenzisi kunomthelela okungekho ukuqinisekiswa kweminyaka okungashintshwa ngokuphelele.
Inhlangano yase-Australia igqugquzele impikiswano yomhlaba wonke eyayisivele iqalile: izinkundla zokuxhumana kufanele zibe yingxenye yempilo yansuku zonke yezingane ngezinga elingakanani, yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo enayo amapulatifomu, futhi iyiphi indima okufanele idlalwe yiziphathimandla zomphakathi kanye nemindeni? EYurophu naseSpain, lapho kulungiswa khona izinguquko ezinkulu zomthetho, ulwazi lwase-Australia luzosebenza njengendawo yokubhekisela, kokubili ukuphinda impumelelo yalo nokugwema amaphutha alo.
