Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi akuseyona indaba yochwepheshe kuphela. ESpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kuthuthuka ngesivinini izinhlangano eziningi ezingakwazanga ukusilinganisa ngokuzivikela okufanayo, futhi leli gebe seliyithuba labahlaseli . Asisakhulumi nje ngezinkampani ezinkulu: izinhlangano zikahulumeni, izibhedlela, amachweba, ama-SME, abasebenza ngokuzimela, kanye nengqalasizinda ebalulekile bonke babelana ngengozi efanayo.
Izehlakalo zakamuva kanye nokuhlaziywa kwemboni kukhomba ohlangothini olufanayo: usongo luyakhula, luya ngokuya luba yinkimbinkimbi, futhi luthembela kakhulu kumathuluzi azenzakalelayo . Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukuxhumana kwezinhlelo zezimboni, kanye nokuthembela kumasevisi efu kuye kwandisa indawo esengozini. Ochwepheshe nezinhlangano bayavuma ukuthi impendulo ilele ekutshalweni kwezimali, ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi, ukuqiniswa kwemithetho, kanye nokuxhumana okuthuthukisiwe komphakathi nezizimele.
Izinsongo ezithembekile kakhulu ngenxa yobuhlakani bokwenziwa
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa bushintshe indlela okwenziwa ngayo ukukhwabanisa. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukukhwabanisa okuningi kwakutholwa kalula ngamaphutha esipelingi, ama-logo angakhiqizwanga kahle, noma imiyalezo engeyona eyemvelo . Manje kungenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-imeyili athembekile kakhulu, imiyalezo, ngisho nezingcingo noma izingcingo zevidiyo, ezenzelwe imboni kanye nomamukeli. I-AI ivumela ukuhumusha, ukulingisa ithoni yezwi lomphathi, kanye nokuphindaphinda izwi nesithombe, kunciphisa izimpawu zokukhwabanisa nokuqinisa i-AI kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber njengezinsika eziyinhloko zempi yedijithali.
Ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane buhlala buyindawo yokungena evame kakhulu. Bufika nge-imeyili, i-SMS, ucingo, noma ingqungquthela yevidiyo, futhi ngokuvamile bulingisa inkinga nge-akhawunti yasebhange, ukufinyelela nge-imeyili, noma izinsizakalo zamafu ukuze kushukunyiswe isisulu ukuba senze ngokushesha. Ukusuka lapho, bangeba iziqinisekiso, bafake i-malware, noma banikeze ukufinyelela okungagunyaziwe. I-Ransomware, ebethela izinhlelo futhi ifune isihlengo, kanye nokuzenza abahlinzeki, abaphathi, noma ozakwabo abagcwalisa ikhathalogi yokuhlasela ehlukahlukene kakhulu. Ezweni lebhizinisi, amagama anjenge- compromise ye-imeyili yebhizinisi, ukukhwabanisa kwabaphathi, noma ukukhwabanisa kweholo asetshenziswa ukuchaza ukukhwabanisa okuhloselwe ukudlulisa imali noma ukuthola ulwazi oluyimfihlo.
Idatha evela esifundeni saseGalician iyasiza ekubekeni lesi simo endaweni efanele. Izinkampani zaseGalician ezingaphezu kuka-15% zabhekana nesigameko sokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ngo-2025. Ubugebengu bokweba imininingwane yangaphandle kwakuyinto evame kakhulu, kulandelwa ukwebiwa kobunikazi bangaphakathi, amagciwane, ukuhlaselwa kokunqatshelwa kwenkonzo, ukungena ngaphakathi, kanye ne-malware. Umphumela ovame kakhulu kwaba ukungatholakali kwezinsizakalo ze-IT , ngaphambi kokulahlekelwa umkhiqizo kanye nezindleko ezengeziwe. Lezi zibalo zibonisa inkinga ebanzi, engagcini kunoma yiluphi uhlobo oluthile lwenkampani.
Umkhakha okhiqizayo, ikakhulukazi ama-SME kanye nezimboni, uqashelwa kakhulu
Ama-SME angumgogodla womkhakha webhizinisi laseSpain, amele ama-99,8% ezinkampani. Futhi ayizisulu ezikhangayo ngoba, ezimweni eziningi, awanabo abasebenzi abakhethekile kanye nesabelomali esikhulu . Emabhizinisini amancane naphakathi kwabantu abazisebenzayo, kuvamile ukuthi idivayisi efanayo isetshenziswe kokubili empilweni yomuntu siqu neyomsebenzi, okwandisa ingozi. U-Alfredo DÃez, ovela kwi-CEOE (i-Spanish Confederation of Employers' Organizations), ugcizelela ukuthi ukuphepha kwedijithali akuseyona izindleko ezingase zisetshenziswe, kodwa kunalokho kuyisimo sokusinda kwebhizinisi.
Umthelela wokuhlaselwa awulinganiswa ngama-euro kuphela. Ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa yimali, kukhona umonakalo wedumela, ukulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende, kanye nokuvezwa okungenzeka kwedatha yomuntu wesithathu. Ukwakha kabusha idumela kuthatha isikhathi, futhi ngokwandayo, izinkampani ezinkulu zibuyekeza ukuphepha kwabaphakeli bazo ngaphambi kokwenza noma yiziphi izinkontileka. Ngakho-ke, i-SME evikela izinhlelo zayo nayo ithola ithuba lokuncintisana . Ukulungela kuhlanganisa abasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe, izinqubo zokuqinisekisa, kanye nezinyathelo zobuchwepheshe, ngokusekelwe embonweni olula ofingqiwe nguJesús Cristóbal, uprofesa e-OBS Business School: akukhona mayelana nokukholelwa ukuthi ngeke kwenzeke, kodwa mayelana nokulungele ukusabela uma kwenzeka.
Emkhakheni wezimboni, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kubeke ukuphepha kwe-cyber enhliziyweni yokuphepha okusebenzayo. I-Machinery Directive entsha, eyavunywa ngo-2023 futhi esebenza ngo-2027, yethula izidingo ezihlobene nokuvikelwa kwedijithali ngoba ukuziphatha komshini oxhunyiwe kungashintshwa ngokufinyelela okungagunyaziwe. Le ndlela ikhumbuza iRoyal Decree 1215/1997 eSpain, yize ukugxila manje kudlulela kusofthiwe nokuxhumeka. Ukumaka kwe-CE kuzodinga ukubhekana nezinsika ezintathu ezibalulekile: ukuphepha ngokuklama, ukuphepha ngokuzenzakalelayo, kanye nomjikelezo wokuphila ophephile. Lokhu kuthinta ama-PLC, ama-HMI, ama-variable frequency drive, isofthiwe, ukuxhumana okukude, kanye nezibuyekezo. Amaphrothokholi amaningi amadala ezimboni awabhali ngemfihlo ukuxhumana noma aqinisekise ukuthi ubani othumela umyalo ngamunye, ngakho ukufaka nje i-firewall akwanele: ukubethela, ukulawula ukufinyelela, kanye nobunikazi nezimvume ezilungiselelwe kahle kubalulekile . Umthwalo wemfanelo wabelwana phakathi kwabakhiqizi, abahlanganisi, kanye nabanikazi bokufaka.
Umthethonqubo, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nethalente: impendulo yaseSpain naseYurophu
IYurophu inwebise indlela yayo. Ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi akusaqondwa njengokuvikela amanethiwekhi nezinhlelo kuphela, kodwa njengendaba ethinta imboni, ukuzivikela, idiplomacy, ukuncintisana, amalungelo, kanye nokuqina. I-Elcano Royal Institute ithi imodeli yamanje, egxile engqalasizinda ebalulekile kanye nokuphathwa kwezigameko, ayiphumeleli esimweni sezwe kanye nabadlali bakahulumeni abakhuthele kakhulu . Isiphakamiso sayo sihilela ukufaka ukubambisana okukhulu nokuvikela, inqubomgomo yangaphandle, kanye nobuhlakani, kanye nokulinganisela ukuphepha nokuzimela kwamasu, ukuncintisana, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe. Ubambiswano lukahulumeni nolwangasese luvela njengento ebalulekile, yize lusalahlekelwa yindawo ngokwethembana kanye nethonya.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali nakho kuyakhula. EGalicia, izinkampani ezinezisebenzi eziyishumi noma ngaphezulu zabela imali engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-€669 ekuphepheni kwe-ICT kanye nezigidi ezingama-€70,6 ezinhlelweni zobuhlakani bokwenziwa. Amabhizinisi amancane asebenzise cishe izigidi ezingama-€47,4 ekuphepheni kwe-ICT kanye nezigidi ezingama-€2,3 ku-AI. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani eyodwa kwezinhlanu ezinkulu zaseGalicia isebenzisa ochwepheshe be-ICT , kanti amaphrofayili edatha kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber kuyizinto ezifunwa kakhulu. Cishe ama-30% ezinkampani abika ukuthi azofuna noma alindele ukufuna abasebenzi abakhethekile esikhathini esizayo, eqhuba ukuphishekela izitifiketi zokuphepha kwe-cyber ukuze kuthuthukiswe iziqu zawo. Uhulumeni waseGalicia (Xunta) uqinise ukuqeqeshwa ngezifundo eziyi-14 ezikhethekile ze-IT kanye ne-OT zokuphepha kwe-cyber, enikeza izikhala ezingama-340 ngonyaka wezifundo ka-2026-2027. E-Aragon, i-IFP Campus Digital imemezele amathuba okufundisa ochwepheshe ukufundisa amamojula ngokuphepha kwe-cyber, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, idatha enkulu, ukuguqulwa kwedijithali, kanye ne-IoT, okuhlanganisa ukuthunyelwa okuphephile, ukuhlolwa kwekhompyutha, kanye namapulatifomu kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha ye-IoT.
Imithethonqubo isebenza njengesisusa. I-NIS2 icindezela izinkampani ezinkulu kanye nabaphakeli bazo ukuba bathuthukise ukuphathwa kwezingozi, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nokuphepha kolwazi. Izinhlangano eziningi zikhetha ukudlulisela le mithwalo yemfanelo kochwepheshe bangaphandle. EGalicia, i-Inprosec yakhula isuka kubantu ababili kuya kwabayishumi esigabeni sayo sezokuphepha kolwazi ngonyaka owodwa nje, futhi iqembu lonke landa lisuka kochwepheshe abangu-48 laya kwabangu-65. Kunesidingo sochwepheshe abakwazi ukuqonda ukuphepha kwe-SAP, ukuphathwa kwezingozi, ukuthobela imithetho, kanye nokuphepha kwe-cyber ezimbonini. Ngomkhakha, ukuthengisa kubalwe ngamaphesenti aphezulu ezinkampani ezithintwe yizigameko, kulandelwe ukwakhiwa kanye nemboni. Lokhu kokugcina kufanele kuqashelwe ngokukhethekile ngoba ukuhlasela kungamisa ukukhiqizwa, kuphazamise uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa, noma kuthinte izinqubo zomzimba—inkinga ebalulekile emikhakheni yezimoto, ukudla, ukukhiqiza, kanye namandla. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Igape, i-INCIBE, kanye ne-INEO zikhuthaza usizo nokusekelwa ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwe-cyber ezinkampanini.
Ukuhlanganiswa, ingqalasizinda ebalulekile kanye nezinsizakalo ezibalulekile
Imakethe yaseSpain nayo iyasebenza. I-Aiuken Cybersecurity, iqembu laseSpain elingaphansi kwenkampani ephethe i-Allurity, ithenge i-4Elitech, inkampani ekhethekile kwezokuphepha kwe-cyber kwezimboni enendawo enkulu eNavarre, e-Aragon, eLa Rioja, kanye neBasque Country. Lokhu kuthengwa kuqinisa isikhundla sayo kwezokuphepha kwe-OT, ingqalasizinda ebalulekile, kanye ne-Internet of Things . I-4Elitech isebenza nezibhedlela, amachweba, amapayipi, kanye nengqalasizinda ebalulekile, futhi iphindaphinde kane imali engenayo yayo eminyakeni emihlanu edlule. Nakuba intengo ingakadalulwa, imithombo yemakethe iyibeka cishe ku-€20 million. I-Aiuken, eyasungulwa nguJuan Miguel Velasco ngo-2012, yathengwa yisikhwama saseSweden iTrill Impact ngo-2022 futhi isebenza emazweni ayishumi nambili, kanye nokuba khona okukhulu eSpain, eChile, eSaudi Arabia naseDubai. I-Allurity inabasebenzi abangu-900 emazweni angu-18, futhi leli qembu livikela amakhasimende ezinkampani angaphezu kwenkulungwane.
Ukuvikela izinsizakalo ezibalulekile kusalokhu kuyinselele. Endabeni yeRenfe, ubufakazi bobuchwepheshe bukhomba umsuka kumaseva e-Adif ayesengcupheni ngaphambili ayexhunywe nezinhlelo zenkampani. Inkampani isebenze izinqubo zayo, yahlukanisa izindawo ezithintekile, futhi yasebenzisa izinyathelo ezingavamile ngokusekelwa ochwepheshe abazimele. Uphenyo lubonisa ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe kumagama abasebenzisi namakheli e-imeyili, kungekho bufakazi obuqinisekile bokudalulwa komphakathi kuze kube manje futhi akukho sibonakaliso sokufinyelela kudatha yasebhange noma yezezimali, izindlela zokukhokha, noma amakhadi omazisi kazwelonke. Lesi sigameko senzeke ngemuva kwamasonto amaningi emizamo eqhubekayo, eyatholwa futhi yavinjelwa. I-Renfe igcina izitifiketi zayo kanye nezindinganiso zengqalasizinda ebalulekile, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ekuqapheni nasekuphepheni, futhi ibambisana neziphathimandla ngenkathi isevisi yesitimela isasebenza.
Indawo idweba isithombe sendawo yokuphepha kwe-inthanethi ephelele, elawulwa kakhulu, futhi edinga kakhulu. I-AI yenza ukuhlaselwa kube lula futhi kube yinkimbinkimbi, kuyilapho amabhizinisi nezinhlangano zikahulumeni zisabela ngokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nemithethonqubo . Ama-SME kanye nezimboni kudingeka bavale izikhala zokuphepha, izinsizakalo ezibalulekile kumele ziqinise izindlela zabo zokuphepha, futhi ithalente elikhethekile liba umthombo wamasu. Ukuhlanganiswa komkhakha we-OT kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwabathintekayo bomphakathi nabazimele kuvula indlela yokuvikela umnotho wedijithali okhula ngokuya ngokwanda.