Uhulumeni waseSpain unqume ukulawula ukuthunyelwa okusheshayo kwezikhungo zedatha ezweni. Ukusabalala kwamaphrojekthi amenyezelwe, okuphindwe kathathu kunesibikezelo esisemthethweni, kuholele uhulumeni ekukhuthazeni isinqumo sasebukhosini esibeka izidingo eziqinile zokusimama kwamandla, ukusebenza kahle kwamanzi, kanye nokuzimela kwedijithali. Lo mthetho, osuqalile kakade inqubo yawo yokubonisana nomphakathi ngaphansi kwezinqubo ezisheshayo, uhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi aklanywe kahle kakhulu kuphela anomthelela ophansi kakhulu kwezemvelo azokwazi ukuxhumeka kugridi kagesi.
Lesi sinyathelo, esakhiwe yiMinistry for Ecological Transition, Economy, and Digital Transformation, siphendula umyalo weRoyal Decree-Law 7/2026 futhi sihlose ukubikezela izinkinga ezibangelwe ukwanda kwesikhungo sedatha emazweni afana ne-Ireland, iNetherlands, ne-United States, lapho amanani kagesi enyuke khona kakhulu futhi kudalwe ukungalingani kwegridi. Ngalo mthethonqubo, iSpain ihlose ukukhetha amaphrojekthi amahle kakhulu—lawo anikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu ngezindleko eziphansi kakhulu zemvelo nezendawo.
Izidingo zamandla kanye nokusimama kwemvelo
Umthethonqubo ohlongozwayo usungula ukuthi izikhungo zedatha ezinomphumela wamandla odlula i-1 megawatt (MW) kumele zihambisane namazinga aphezulu kakhulu okusebenza kahle kwamandla namanzi ohlelweni lokulebula lwaseYurophu, okwamanje olwakhiwa yiKhomishini yaseYurophu futhi oluhlelelwe ukuqala ukusebenza ngo-Agasti 2027. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izindinganiso ezifanayo ezibekwe kuhlaka lwe-Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364 ziyasebenza, zidinga isigaba A kokubili ekusebenzeni kahle kwamandla nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi.
Esinye sezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu isidingo sokuthi u-80% wokusetshenziswa kukagesi kwesikhungo ngasinye sedatha kuvela emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo asanda kufakwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-megawatt ngayinye entsha esetshenziswayo kumele ihambisane ne-megawatt eyodwa yamandla avuselelekayo afakiwe zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-18 ngaphambi kokuba lesi sikhungo siqaliswe ukusebenza, kungaba ngokuzisebenzisa noma izivumelwano zokuthenga ugesi zesikhathi eside (PPAs). Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuphakelwa kumele kuqinisekiswe njalo ngehora; okungukuthi, ngehora ngalinye lokusebenza, okungenani u-80% kagesi osetshenziswayo kumele uvuselelwe futhi ukhiqizwe phakathi naleso sikhathi esifanayo.
Inhloso yalesi sidingo ukuvimbela ukwanda kwesidingo sikagesi ekuqhubekiseleni ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo ekukhiqizeni ugesi uma imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ingakhuli ngokulinganayo. Ngokusho kwemithombo kahulumeni, isimo esinjalo singaholela ezindlekweni zikagesi eziphezulu kubo bonke abathengi, njengoba kwenzeka kwamanye amazwe. Ngalesi silinganiso, uhulumeni ufuna nokuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhungo zedatha azibi yisithiyo emandleni avuselelekayo akhona, kodwa kunalokho zinegalelo ekudalweni kwesizukulwane esisha esiluhlaza.
Ubukhosi bedijithali kanye nokuqina
Umthetho wasebukhosini ohlongozwayo uhlanganisa nezidingo ezihlobene nokuqina kanye nobukhosi bedijithali. Abaqhubi bezikhungo zedatha kumele basungulwe e-European Union, futhi idatha, imethadatha, namarekhodi abawacubungula njengengxenye yokusebenza kwesikhungo kumele ahlale ngaphakathi kwendawo ye-EU. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulawulwa kokufinyelela okuvela emazweni esithathu kuzoqiniswa, futhi izikhungo ezisingatha ulwazi oluvela kubaphathi bomphakathi noma olungathinta ukuphepha kwezwe ngeke zivunyelwe ukunikeza idatha enjalo emazweni esithathu.
UMnyango Wezokuguqulwa Kwedijithali kanye Nokuphathwa Komphakathi uzoba nesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuhambisana nalezi zidingo, ukwephulwa kwazo okungagcina kuholele ekulahlekelweni kwamalungelo okufinyelela nokuxhuma kwigridi kagesi. Zonke izikhungo zedatha, ezingaphezu komkhawulo othile, kumele zilethe isimemezelo somthwalo wemfanelo esiqinisekisa ukuhambisana kwazo nalezi zindinganiso zobukhosi bedijithali.
Ukufinyelela okunemibandela kugridi kagesi
Amaphrojekthi esikhungo sedatha afuna ukufinyelela kugridi kagesi kumele abonise ukuhambisana nazo zonke lezi zidingo ukuze athole amalungelo okufinyelela nokuxhuma. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalokhu kuzoholela ekukhuleni kwezinhlawulo ezinkokhelweni kanye nezindleko ezifanele, futhi ekugcineni, ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokufinyelela ngokwalo. Lezi zindleko ezengeziwe zizokhokhela izindleko ezengeziwe ezingafakwa ukungalandeli izibopho ezengeziwe kanye nesikhathi sokusebenzisana kokusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo ohlelweni, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ezinkokhelweni zikagesi.
Amaphrojekthi aseqalile kakade azoba nezinyanga eziyisithupha zokuzivumelanisa nezidingo ezintsha futhi abonise ukuthobela imithetho, noma izinyanga ezintathu uma elinde ithenda yokufinyelela igridi kagesi. Uma izidingo ezintsha zenza ezinye intuthuko zingenzeki, kufakwe nezigaba zokuphuma ezizovumela abathuthukisi ukuba bayeke amalungelo abo okufinyelela nokuxhuma ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa kweziqinisekiso ezifanayo.
Ukushicilelwa kolwazi kanye nokusobala
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zonke izikhungo zedatha ezinkulu kune-500 kilowatts (kW) kumele zithumele idatha ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokusimama kwazo ku-Ministry for Ecological Transition, ngokuhambisana ne-Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364, ukuze zishicilelwe minyaka yonke. Lezo ezinkulu kune-1 MW kumele futhi zibonise ukuthi ziyayilandela yini futhi kanjani imikhuba emihle yenguqulo yakamuva yekhodi yokuziphatha yaseYurophu ngokusebenza kahle kwamandla ezikhungo zedatha.
Imboni iveze ukukhathazeka ngezinye zezinyathelo eziphakanyisiwe. I-SpainDC, inhlangano yesikhungo sedatha, ithe iyabelana ngezinhloso zokuzinza kanye nokuzimela kwedijithali, kodwa ixwayisa ngokuthi imithetho kumele ihambisane nohlaka lwaseYurophu ukuze kuvinjelwe iSpain ekubeni enye yezimakethe ezinzima kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda yedijithali. I-Ametic, yona, icele izinyathelo zokugwema ukuhlukana kwemakethe eyodwa yedijithali.
Uhulumeni, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ugcizelela ukuthi lesi sinyathelo asimeleli ukumiswa noma ukumiswa kokutshalwa kwezimali, kodwa okuphambene nalokho. ISpain ineSu Lobuhlakani Bokwenziwa elilinganisela cishe amandla ekhompyutha angu-2,5 GW ngo-2030, okuzodinga u-3,5 GW kuya ku-4 GW wesidingo sikagesi. Kodwa-ke, izicelo nezimvume ezinikezwe lolu hlobo lokufakwa zidlula kakhulu leli thagethi, njengoba amalungelo okufinyelela nokuxhuma angaphezu kuka-12 GW enikezwe kusukela ngo-2021. Ngalo mthethonqubo, uhulumeni uhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi agcina ekhona asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi azinzile, anegalelo ekwenziweni kwedijithali komnotho kanye nobukhosi bedijithali be-EU.
Isikhathi sokuthumela imibono sizovuleka kuze kube uSepthemba 4, futhi uhulumeni uhlela ukusheshisa ukuvunyelwa kwesinqumo sasebukhosini ngaphambi kokuphela konyaka. Uhlelo olusha lwegridi kagesi olunesikhathi sika-2030, olusacwaningwa njengamanje, luzoba yisihluthulelo ekunqumeni ukuthi yimaphi amaphrojekthi esikhungo sedatha azoxhunywa ekugcineni kugridi nokuthi yimaphi azosala ngaphandle kohlelo.
