I-Amazon ichithe iminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amathathu yakha inethiwekhi yezindawo zokugcina impahla, izindiza, amaloli, kanye nezikhungo zokusabalalisa ukuze isekele ibhizinisi layo le-e-commerce . Le ngqalasizinda, eyivumela ukuthi ihambise izigidi zamaphakheji ngaphakathi kwezinsuku ezibekiwe kakhulu, ayiseyona insiza ekhethekile yenkampani: manje inikezwa njengesevisi kubantu besithathu ngaphansi kwegama elithi Amazon Supply Chain Services (ASCS).
Ngalesi sinyathelo, inkampani iguqula izinto zayo zangaphakathi zibe yipulatifomu yezentengiselwano evulekele noma yiliphi ibhizinisi , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lithengisa emakethe yalo noma cha. Lo mbono ukhumbuza kakhulu isinyathelo esenze ngo-2006 nge- Amazon Web Services (AWS) : ukusebenzisa ingqalasizinda enkulu kakhulu, eyenziwe kahle kakhulu, futhi esivele incishisiwe ukuze kudalwe umthombo omusha wemali engenayo.
Iyini ngempela i-Amazon Supply Chain Services?
I-Amazon Supply Chain Services iyunithi lapho inkampani ivula khona inethiwekhi yayo yezokuthutha yomhlaba wonke kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi kunoma yimuphi umkhakha , ngale kwabathengisi asebevele besebenzisa i-Fulfillment yi-Amazon. Ngaphansi kwesambulela esisodwa, izinkampani zingenza inkontileka yokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukugcina impahla, ukuphathwa kwempahla, ukugcwaliswa kwama-oda, kanye nokulethwa kwempahla okuhamba phambili.
I-Amazon ngokwayo ichaza i-ASCS njengohlobo “lwe-AWS ye-logistics engokwenyama .” Njengoba nje inikeza amandla okugcina idatha kanye nesitoreji efwini, lapha yenza kube lula kubantu besithathu ukuthola izindiza zezimpahla ezingaphezu kwekhulu, amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-container nama-trailer, kanye namakhulu ezikhungo ze-logistics ezixhunywe yisofthiwe.
Le nsizakalo isebenza ngokugcwele e-United States, kodwa inkampani ikhulume kusukela ekuqaleni kokufinyelela kwamanye amazwe, ukuvunyelwa kwentela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwenethiwekhi yayo yaseYurophu , okukhomba ekusabalalisweni okuqhubekayo kwezinye izimakethe, okuhlanganisa i-European Union kanye, ngokubona kusengaphambili, neSpain ngezigaba zakamuva.
Yiziphi izinsizakalo ezifakwa yipulatifomu entsha yezokuthutha?
I-ASCS yakhelwe njengesixazululo esihlanganisa zonke izigaba zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka , kusukela ekusungulweni kwezimpahla kuya emnyango wekhasimende lokugcina. Lokhu kunikezwa kuhlelwe ngezindawo ezine eziyinhloko ezisebenzayo eziphethwe kusukela kukhonsoli ephakathi.
Okokuqala, kukhona ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngezindlela eziningi : ukuthutha ngolwandle, emoyeni, emgwaqweni, kanye nokuthutha ngesitimela, kanye nezinsizakalo zentela ezihlanganisiwe. I-Amazon isebenzisa inqwaba yamaloli ayo, umthamo wayo wechweba, kanye nenethiwekhi yayo yomoya, esevele iyibeka phakathi kwabaqhubi bempahla abahamba phambili emhlabeni.
Indawo yesibili ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla . Le nkampani inikeza ukungenisa, ukugcina impahla, kanye nokubeka impahla eduze kwezindawo ezifunwayo, okusekelwa izinhlelo zokubikezela isitoko ezenzakalelayo. Umqondo uwukuthi izinkampani akudingeki zisebenzise izindawo zokugcina impahla eziningi zesiteshi ngasinye noma izwe, kodwa kunalokho zisebenza nempahla ehlanganisiwe.
Okwesithathu, kukhona ukulungiswa kwe-oda kanye nokuthunyelwa , okwaziwa ngokujwayelekile ngokuthi ukugcwaliswa. Kusukela echibini elilodwa lesitoko, i-ASCS ingacubungula ama-oda kusuka kuwebhusayithi yomkhiqizo, ezimakethe zokuncintisana (i-Walmart, i-Shopify, i-Shein, i-TikTok, njll.), noma iziteshi ezibonakalayo, ukunciphisa amaphutha nokwenza kube lula ukuphatha.
Okokugcina, i-Amazon ihlanganisa ukulethwa kwamaphasela kumthengi wokugcina , ngezikhathi zokulethwa ezithembisiwe zezinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezinhlanu, isevisi yezinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, izinketho zokulandelela ezinemininingwane, kanye nezici ezifana nokuqinisekiswa kwesithombe sokulethwa. Konke lokhu kuphathwa kusuka ku-interface eyodwa ekhombisa uhambo lomkhiqizo kusukela efektri kuya kumakhasimende.
Obani amakhasimende okuqala futhi bayisebenzisa kanjani i-ASCS?
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe imodeli, i-Amazon igxile ezinkampanini ezinkulu ezinezintambo zokuhlinzeka eziyinkimbinkimbi . Phakathi kwamagama okuqala aqinisekisiwe yi-Procter & Gamble (P&G), 3M, Lands' End, kanye ne-American Eagle Outfitters, zonke ezinemisebenzi eqinile ngaphandle kwendawo ye-Amazon.
I-Procter & Gamble isebenzisa i-ASCS ukuhambisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezitshalweni zayo zokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa imikhiqizo eqediwe ezindaweni zokuthengisa nezokusabalalisa. Ngamanye amazwi, ayigcini nje ngokugcwalisa ama-oda aku-inthanethi, kodwa futhi ihlanganisa ingxenye yezinhlelo zayo zangaphakathi zezimboni engqalasizinda ye-Amazon.
Endabeni ye-3M, inethiwekhi ye-Amazon isetshenziselwa ukuhambisa izimpahla kusuka ezikhungweni zokukhiqiza ziye ezindaweni zokusabalalisa zamazwe ngamazwe , kuncike ekuhlanganisweni kwezokuthutha eziningi kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla eduze nendawo oya kuyo. Kumkhiqizi okhona emhlabeni wonke, lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuhlose ukunciphisa izikhathi zokuhamba nokuthuthukisa ukubonakala.
I-Lands' End, yona, isebenzisa i-ASCS ukuze ihlanganise ukugcwaliseka kuzo zonke iziteshi zokuthengisa eziningi , ukuze ama-oda avela kuwebhusayithi yayo, ezimakethe, nakwezinye izitolo agcwaliswe kusukela kumpahla eyodwa. I-American Eagle Outfitters isebenzisa inethiwekhi yamaphasela e-Amazon ukuletha ama-oda ngqo esitolo sayo esiku-inthanethi kubathengi.
I-Amazon iphinde iveze ukuthi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabathengisi emakethe yayo base bevele besebenzisa izingxenye zale ngqalasizinda ukuthengisa ngaphandle kwe-Amazon, into eyasebenza "njengokuhlolwa kokuhlola" ngaphambi kokufaka umkhiqizo kumkhiqizo ohlangene ngaphansi kophawu lwe-ASCS.
Indlela i-ASCS encintisana ngayo ne-UPS, i-FedEx, i-DHL kanye nezinye i-3PLs
Ukungena ngokusemthethweni kwe-Amazon ebhizinisini lezokuthutha leqembu lesithathu kumelela ukushayeka ngqo kwabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ezinkulu zezokuthutha zendabuko kanye ne-3PL. Akuyona into engaqondakali ukuthi, ngemuva kwesimemezelo, amasheya e-UPS kanye ne-FedEx ehle kakhulu emakethe yamasheya, kanye nokwehla kwezinkampani ezifana ne-DHL kanye ne-GXO Logistics.
Umehluko omkhulu we-ASCS kulaba bancintisani yikhono layo lokunikeza lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngaphansi komhlinzeki oyedwa : ukuthutha okuhamba ibanga elide, ukugcina impahla, ukusatshalaliswa okuphakathi, kanye nokulethwa okuhamba phambili, konke ngaphakathi kwepulatifomu yobuchwepheshe efanayo. Izinkampani eziningi zendabuko zigxile engxenyeni ethile yochungechunge futhi zithembele ezivumelwaneni nabantu besithathu kokunye.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukubonakala okuphelele kwempahla ethengiswayo kanye nokuthunyelwa kwayo . Kusukela ekudalweni kwelebula kuya ekulethweni kokugcina, kufaka phakathi amasiko kanye nezinguquko kwimodi yokuthumela, i-ASCS ithembisa ukulandeleka okuqhubekayo. Lokhu kuqiniswa kakhulu yisiqinisekiso sesithombe sokulethwa kanye nenketho yokulanda nokulethwa kokubili ezindaweni ze-Amazon kanye nasezindaweni zokugcina impahla ezibambisene nazo.
Umthelela udlulela ngale kwesigaba se-e-commerce esimsulwa. Ukuvulwa kwale ngqalasizinda kubeka i-Amazon njengomqhubi we-B2B ophelele , indawo enenzuzo enkulu emlandweni lapho i-UPS, i-FedEx, kanye ne-3PL ezinkulu zaseYurophu zigxile kakhulu emizamweni yazo eminyakeni yamuva.
Okwamanje, kukhona iphuzu elibalulekile i-Amazon eligcina liyimfihlo: alikashicileli isakhiwo samanani esinemininingwane nesobala . Konke kukhomba kumamodeli enziwe ngokwezifiso asekelwe kuvolumu, imizila, izinsizakalo ezinkontileka, kanye nezifunda, ezifana ne-AWS. Ezinkampanini eziningi, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, ukwazi la manani kuzobaluleka ngaphambi kokucabangela ukufuduka okukhulu.
Ukufana ne-AWS: isu elifanayo elisetshenziswa kwezokuthutha
Ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwe-ASCS ne-AWS akuyona nje indlela yokumaketha. Iphethini icacile: I-Amazon iqala ngokwakha ingqalasizinda ukuze isetshenziswe yona , iyithuthukise iminyaka eminingi ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yokusebenza, bese kuthi, uma inomthamo oweqile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuqinisekisiwe, iyivulekele amakhasimende angaphandle.
Ngo-2006, i-AWS yazalwa ngale ndlela, yaqala njengendlela yokusebenzisa amaseva amaningi futhi ekugcineni yaba umhlinzeki wesevisi yamafu omkhulu kunabo bonke, inikela ngengxenye enkulu yenzuzo yeqembu. Nge-ASCS, inkampani izama ukuphinda le mpumelelo, kodwa emakethe ebonakalayo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, elawulwayo, futhi ehlukene.
Umongo uphinde usize ekuchazeni isikhathi. Ngesikhathi sobhubhane, i-Amazon yandisa kakhulu inethiwekhi yayo yezokuthutha ukuze ikwazi ukwamukela inani eliphakeme lesidingo . Lapho ivolumu yama-oda aku-inthanethi isijwayelekile, yazithola inomthamo ofakiwe odlula izidingo zayo zangaphakathi. Ukuvula leyo nethiwekhi kubantu besithathu kuyindlela yokwenza imali ngezimpahla ezikhona ngaphandle kokunciphisa ingqalasizinda.
Ngokungafani ne-cloud computing, i-logistics ihilela izimpahla ezibonakalayo, imithetho yendawo, amasiko, kanye nobudlelwano nabathwali kanye neziphathimandla . Lokhu kuvumela ukwanda kwe-ASCS kwamanye amazwe ukuthi kuqhubeke kancane kancane futhi kulungiselelwe isifunda ngasinye, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, lapho imithethonqubo kanye nokuncintisana kuqinile kunase-United States.
Amathuba nemibuzo yezinkampani eSpain naseYurophu
Ezinkampanini zaseSpain nezaseYurophu kwezentengiselwano ze-inthanethi, ezitolo ezinkulu, embonini, noma kwezempilo, isiphakamiso se-Amazon singaba yisivikelo sokufinyelela ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha ephezulu ngaphandle kokudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu. Empeleni, kuhilela ukuqasha inethiwekhi okungabiza kakhulu ukuyakha ngokuzimela.
Emakethe yaseYurophu, i-ASCS ingasebenzisa inethiwekhi ekhona yezindawo zokugcina impahla nezikhungo zokusabalalisa ze-Amazon kulo lonke elase-EU , esezifinyelele ukulethwa okusheshayo eSpain . Lapho, inkampani yakhe ingqalasizinda ebanzi exhumanisa iSpain nezimakethe ezibalulekile njengeFrance, iJalimane, i-Italy, nePoland. Kumthengisi onezifiso zaseYurophu, lokhu kufinyelela okubanzi kungenza umehluko omkhulu ezikhathini zokulethwa.
Phakathi kwezinzuzo ezingaba khona zamabhizinisi aseSpain yikhono lokuhlanganisa impahla emazweni amaningi , ukunciphisa izikhathi zokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, nokwenza lula izinqubo zamasiko—izindawo lapho ama-SME amaningi ehlangabezana nezingqinamba. Imikhakha efana nemfashini, ifenisha yasekhaya, izinto zikagesi ezisetshenziswa ngabathengi, kanye nokudla okungaboli kungaba phakathi kwenentshisekelo enkulu.
Kodwa-ke, kusasele imibuzo ebalulekile. Omunye wemibuzo ebucayi kakhulu ukuphathwa kwedatha yamakhasimende kanye nenani lezinto ezisetshenziswayo . I-Amazon ike yasolwa esikhathini esidlule ngokuthi isebenzisa ulwazi lomthengisi ukwethula imikhiqizo encintisanayo, into inkampani eyiphikayo, kodwa edala ukungathembani kwezinye izingxenye zemakethe.
Endabeni ye-ASCS, inkampani iphikelela ngokuthi iyakwenqabela ngokusobala ukusebenzisa idatha yomsebenzisi kusuka epulatifomu yayo yezokuthutha ukuze yenze izinqumo emakethe yayo . Abaphathi abanjengoPeter Larsen bagcizelele ukuthi ulwazi lwabathengisi abangamakhulu ezinkulungwane asebevele besebenzisa izinsizakalo zokuthutha ze-Amazon eziteshini zangaphandle lubonisa ukuthi lo modeli ungasebenza ngaphandle kokungqubuzana okubonakalayo.
Yini okufanele iqalwe izinkampani ezintsha kanye nezinkampani esifundeni saseHispanic?
Ngaphandle kwamagama amakhulu, ukuvela kwe-Amazon Supply Chain Services kuvula amathuba amasha amasha ezinkampanini ezintsha kanye nama-SME eSpain naseLatin America athengisa ku-inthanethi, aphatha izitolo ezibonakalayo, noma ahlanganise zombili iziteshi. Inketho yokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke ngaphandle kokuyakha kusukela ekuqaleni ingashintsha amaspredishithi amaningi endaweni lapho...
Isinyathelo sokuqala esinengqondo ukuthi inkampani ngayinye isebenzise izinombolo futhi ibukeze ngokucophelela izindleko zayo zamanje zezokuthutha , kusukela kwezokuthutha zamazwe ngamazwe kuya ekugcinweni kwezimpahla kanye nokupakisha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyalulekwa ukuhlonza ubuthakathaka: ukubambezeleka okuvamile, izindleko ezengeziwe zokugcina impahla, ukuntuleka kokubonakala kwesitoko, noma izinkinga ezivamile zokulethwa.
Njengoba i-Amazon ichaza imigomo yayo yebhizinisi ngaphandle kwe-United States, kuzokwazi ukuqhathanisa lezo zindleko nalokho okunikezwa yi-ASCS , kuhlale kukhunjulwa ukuthi intengo ngeke ibe yisona kuphela isici okufanele sicatshangelwe: izikhathi zokuqalisa, izinga lesevisi, ukuguquguquka kwenkontileka, noma ukuncika kumhlinzeki oyedwa nakho kubalulekile.
Enye indlela iwukusondela kule nsizakalo kancane kancane, uqale ngevolumu elawulwayo noma isifunda esithile esikhundleni sokudlulisa yonke imisebenzi yezokuthutha ngesikhathi esisodwa. Isibonelo, i-ASCS ingahlolwa emgqeni womkhiqizo onenzuzo enkulu noma emakethe yokuthumela ngaphandle lapho umkhiqizo ungenalo inethiwekhi eqinile, futhi izinkomba ezifana nezindleko ngeyunithi ngayinye, ukulethwa ngesikhathi, kanye nokwaneliseka kwamakhasimende kungalinganiswa.
Kunoma ikuphi, ochwepheshe abaningi batusa ukugcina izinga lokwehlukahlukana kwabahlinzeki bezokuthutha . Ngisho noma i-Amazon inikeza izinzuzo ezicacile, ukuthembela kuphela kumqhubi oyedwa, naye oncintisana ngqo nezinkampani eziningi zokuthengisa, kuhilela ingozi yamasu okufanele icatshangelwe ngokucophelela.
Yini engakaziwa futhi ezobeka umbandela wokwamukelwa
Naphezu kwemininingwane eminingi ngamakhono obuchwepheshe kanye namakhasimende okuqala, kunezici ezibalulekile i-Amazon engakazisho okwamanje futhi ezizobaluleka kakhulu ukuze insizakalo iqale emakethe afana neYurophu.
Okokuqala, imininingwane yesakhiwo samanani se-ASCS ayikacaci : ukuthi izosekelwe kuphela kumodeli yokukhokha njengoba uhamba, noma ukuthi kuzoba nezinketho zokubhalisela, izaphulelo zevolumu, noma izibopho zesikhathi eside ezifana nalezo ezinikezwa yi-AWS efwini. Ngaphandle kwalolu lwazi, kunzima ezinkampanini ukuqedela izinhlelo zokufuduka ezingathi sína.
Ukumbozwa okuqondile kwendawo ngaphandle kwe-United States nakho akucaci ngokuphelele , ngaphandle kokubhekisela kumthamo wezokuthutha wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nenethiwekhi yaseYurophu. Izinsuku zokuqaliswa ezisemthethweni emazweni athile, izinhlobo zesevisi ezitholakala endaweni ngayinye, kanye nezikhathi zokuqaliswa ezilinganisiwe konke kuyidatha izinkampani ezizodinga ukuhlela.
Enye inkinga evelele isidingo sezivumelwano ezithile zezinga lenkonzo (ama-SLA) kanye neziqinisekiso zokusekela zezigaba ezahlukene zamakhasimende. Izinkampani zezimboni, izibhedlela, iziteshi zokuthengisa, kanye nabadlali bedijithali abahlanzekile abanazo izidingo noma ukubekezelelana okufanayo kokuphazamiseka kwenkonzo.
Ekugcineni, ukwamukelwa ngobuningi kuzoncika kakhulu ebufakazini obuzimele kanye nokuhlaziywa komuntu wesithathu uma isevisi isisebenze ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela isikhathi esithile. Imibono evela kochwepheshe be-supply chain, izifundo eziningiliziwe zamacala, kanye nokuqhathaniswa nabahlinzeki bendabuko kuzosiza ukuhlukanisa indaba yokumaketha nokuhlangenwe nakho okusebenzayo.
Ukuvulwa kwe-Amazon Supply Chain Services kuphawula uguquko endleleni esiqonda ngayo izinto zomhlaba wonke: ingqalasizinda eyakhelwe ukuhweba kwayo nge-e-commerce manje inikezwa njengesevisi kulo lonke imakethe, enethuba lokushintsha izilinganiso emikhakheni yonke futhi ivule izinketho ezintsha zezinkampani zaseSpain nezaseYurophu, kodwa futhi nemibuzo mayelana nokuncika, ukuncintisana kanye nokusetshenziswa kwedatha okuzodingeka inhlangano ngayinye iyihlole ngokuthula ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo.
